Von Braun headed a team at the MSFC to build a vehicle capable of launching a crewed spacecraft to the Moon. The C-1 became the Saturn I and C-1B became Saturn IB. The C-5 was confirmed as NASA's choice for the Apollo program in early 1962, and was named the Saturn V. By testing all components at once, far fewer test flights would be required before a crewed launch. Rather than undergoing testing for each major component, the C-5 would be tested in an "all-up" fashion, meaning that the first test flight of the rocket would include complete versions of all three stages. The S-IVB third stage would be used as the second stage for the C-1B, which would serve both to demonstrate proof of concept and feasibility for the C-5, but would also provide flight data critical to the development of the C-5. The C-5 would undergo component testing even before the first model was constructed. The three-stage rocket would consist of the S-IC first stage, with five F-1 engines the S-II second stage, with five J-2 engines and the S-IVB third stage, with a single J-2 engine. On January 10, 1962, NASA announced plans to build the C-5. The C-4 would need only two launches to carry out an EOR lunar mission. However, the MSFC planned an even bigger rocket, the C-4, which would use four F-1 engines in its first stage, an enlarged C-3 second stage, and the S-IVB, a stage with a single J-2 engine, as its third stage. NASA planned to use the Saturn C-3 as part of the Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR) method, with at least two or three launches needed for a single lunar mission. īetween 19, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) designed a series of Saturn rockets that could be deployed for various Earth orbit or lunar missions. Named for the sixth planet from the Sun, the Saturn design evolved from the Jupiter series rockets. Main article: Saturn (rocket family) Saturn V testing vehicle and flight vehicle configurations von Braun with the F-1 engines of the Saturn V first stage at the U.S. Von Braun considered the Jupiter series to be a prototype and referred to it as "an infant Saturn". The Juno I rocket launched the first American satellite in January 1958. They turned to von Braun's team, who had created and experimented with the Jupiter series of rockets. The Army and government began taking serious steps towards sending Americans into space. This approach changed in 1957, when the Soviets launched Sputnik 1 atop an R-7 ICBM, which could carry a thermonuclear warhead to the U.S. Between 19, his work was restricted to conveying the ideas and methods behind the V-2 to American engineers, though he wrote books and articles in popular magazines. Von Braun, who had helped create the V-2 rocket, was assigned to the Army's rocket design division. government brought the German rocket technologist Wernher von Braun and over 1,500 German rocket engineers and technicians to the United States in Operation Paperclip, a program authorized by President Truman. A total of 24 astronauts were launched to the Moon from Apollo 8 (December 1968) to Apollo 17 (December 1972). Thirteen were launched from Kennedy Space Center with no loss of crew or payload. A total of 15 flight-capable vehicles were built, plus three for ground testing. The largest production model of the Saturn family of rockets, the Saturn V was designed under the direction of Wernher von Braun at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama the lead contractors were Boeing, North American Aviation, Douglas Aircraft Company, and IBM. Saturn V holds records for the heaviest payload launched and largest payload capacity to low Earth orbit: 311,152 lb (141,136 kg), which included the third stage and unburned propellant needed to send the Apollo command and service module and Lunar Module to the Moon. Flown from 1967 to 1973, it was used for nine crewed flights to the Moon, and to launch Skylab, the first American space station.Īs of 2023, the Saturn V remains the only launch vehicle to have carried humans beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). The rocket was human-rated, had three stages, and was powered with liquid fuel. Saturn V is a retired American super heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by NASA under the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon. Third stage – S-IVB (Not present in Skylab configuration)
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